Core Antimicrobial Monographs & Susceptibility Standards
Ampicillin: Mechanism of Action, Spectrum, Dosage & Susceptibility (CLSI Breakpoints)
Complete clinical pharmacology of Ampicillin (aminopenicillin), penicillin-binding protein (PBP) inhibition, Enterococcus & Listeria coverage, renal dosing adjustments, and urine culture susceptibility.
Urine Culture & Antimicrobial Susceptibility (ABST) Clinical Guide →
Ciprofloxacin: Fluoroquinolone Pharmacology, DNA Gyrase Inhibition, UTI & Pyelonephritis Dosing
Clinical pharmacology of Ciprofloxacin, bacterial topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV inhibition, acute pyelonephritis and complicated UTI protocols, Pseudomonas coverage, and tendon/neuropathy safety warnings.
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) & Acute Pyelonephritis Clinical Guide →
Ethambutol: Anti-Tuberculosis Pharmacology, Arabinosyl Transferase (embB) Inhibition & Optic Neuritis Monitoring
Comprehensive clinical guide to Ethambutol hydrochloride in first-line Tuberculosis (TB) and MAC therapy, mycobacterial cell wall arabinogalactan inhibition, renal dosing, and visual acuity / Snellen & Ishihara monitoring.
Nirogi Lanka Respiratory & Infectious Disease Clinical Portal →
Linezolid: Oxazolidinone Pharmacology, MRSA & VRE Coverage, 50S Ribosomal Inhibition & CBC Monitoring
Clinical pharmacology of Linezolid (Zyvox), 23S rRNA (50S subunit) initiation complex blockade, treatment of MRSA pneumonia, VRE bacteremia, and MDR-TB, plus thrombocytopenia and MAOI serotonin syndrome precautions.
Nirogi Lanka Clinical Pharmacology & Critical Care Reference →
Septra (Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole / TMP-SMX / Co-trimoxazole): UTI, PCP & MRSA Pharmacology
Complete clinical guide to Septra (Bactrim / Co-trimoxazole / TMP-SMX), sequential dihydrofolate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase blockade, acute uncomplicated UTI, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), and hyperkalemia/renal monitoring.
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Symptoms, Diagnosis & Antibiotic Guide →
Diagnostic Laboratory Biomarker Reference Modules
Total, Direct & Indirect Bilirubin Biomarker Reference Guide
Clinical interpretation of fractionated serum bilirubin, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (hemolysis, Gilbert syndrome), and conjugated cholestatic jaundice.
Complete Clinical Bilirubin & Jaundice Diagnostic Guide (Nirogi Lanka) →
Urine Culture (CFU/mL) & Antimicrobial Susceptibility Biomarkers
Quantitative urine culture colony count interpretation, uropathogen identification (E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus), ESBL resistance markers, and urinalysis correlation.
Urine Culture & Sensitivity (ABST) Complete Lab Interpretation →
Renal Function (Creatinine / eGFR) & 24-Hour Kidney Stone Metabolic Panel
Biochemical evaluation of urolithiasis (calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite stones), CKD-EPI 2021 eGFR equations, hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, and hypocitraturia.
Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis) Diagnosis, Imaging & Prevention Guide →
HbA1c, Fasting Insulin (HOMA-IR) & South Asian Cardiometabolic Risk Biomarkers
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), HOMA-IR insulin resistance modeling, triglyceride-to-HDL ratio, and ethnic-specific BMI/waist circumference cutoffs.
South Asian vs. Global WHO BMI & Waist-to-Height Ratio Calculator →